Proceedings of Perovskite Thin Film Photovoltaics (ABXPV17)
Publication date: 18th December 2016
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites with the general formula ABX3 have attracted great attention as light-harvesting materials for the next generation of photovoltaics. Since their first use as photoactive material in 2009[1], power conversion efficiencies (PCE) have already increased to a certified value of 22.1%[2], thereby competing with established thin-film PV technologies. Improvements in PCE have been mostly achieved by advances in the deposition process of CH3NH3PbI3 or mixed halide CH3NH3PbI3-xClx absorber layers. Optimized film uniformities and coverages as well as larger crystalline domains seem to be the most important characteristics leading to high performance in the planar heterojunction. Compared to one-pot synthesis of perovskite films from a mixed precursor solution, the sequential deposition of PbI2 and CH3NH3I, first developed in 2014 by Liu et al. for a planar heterojunction device architecture[3], enables better control over film coverage and crystallite formation. The PbI2 precursor acts as a template for the growth of the final perovskite film, resulting in higher surface coverages and better reproducibility of morphology and JV-performance. Especially for a planar heterojunction configuration, a compact and pin-hole free perovskite layer is necessary to avoid any shunting between the n- and p-type sides as well as low light absorption in the solar cell. We present a way to easily control the morphology of pure iodine CH3NH3PbI3 films by varying the dipping conditions of the PbI2 precursor layer into an alcoholic CH3NH3I-solution. We show that final film coverage, smoothness and crystallite sizes can be finely tuned via concentration, temperature, atmosphere and water content of a CH3NH3I/IPA solution, as well as by the thickness of the PbI2 precursor layer and the dielectric constant of the alcoholic solvent itself. Scanning electron microscopy images will show that it is possible to obtain very compact perovskite layers with large grain sizes in the micrometer range and narrow grain boundaries by simply controlling the immersion-conditions. JV-curves reveal that JSC, VOC and fill factors are significantly improved with increasing surface coverage. As these film properties are the main necessity for high performance perovskite solar cells in a planar heterojunction configuration, our results indicate a potentially alternative and easy route compared to e.g. “solvent engineering techniques”.
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